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Why do plants not absorb green light?
Would a plant not be more efficient if it could absorb all light rays. I would imagine that in a rain-forest the top layer gets enough sunlight but the bottom layer, or the ground vegetation, only receive the green light and the little remaining light that penetrates all the other layers. I would have expected the bottom layers to have evolved to absorb a wider spectrum of light!
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/absorption-spectrum.jpg
In this image would it not be more effective to have a chlorophyll-c to cover the green light?
If plants can not do this biologically through evolution. Could we not help them by pushing them in the correct direction and chemically creating this chlorophyll-c?
I'm guessing that this is definitely worth an noble prize if anybody is interested!
Who cares if leaves are black as long as they fight climate change!
Good questions. Why evolve to allow any portion of the light to reflect. If the natural evolution of plants had been driven by the need for the most efficient use of sunlight, then the leaves of all plants would have been near black. However plants absorb & use less than ~1% of the available sunlight so plant evolution was driven by other needs.
The omission of green relates to the specific bond lengths found in the chlorophyll & other pigment molecules that absorb sunlight. The original phototrophic organisms were aquatic phototrophic bacteria living in a reducing atmosphere with very little free oxygen. The bacteria that live anaerobically today are most similar to the ones living in that first atmosphere more than 3 billion years ago.
Halobacteria do not use water to reduce CO2 they use H2S hydrogen sulfide in a cyclic photosynthetic reaction to fix carbon. This is called the photo system I reaction. The pigment they use in their PS I is rhodopsin. Purple sulfur bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll a (related to chlorophyll that evolved later). Both of these pigments use the green middle of the visible spectrum and reflect both ends to appear purple. But the main point is the energy needed to use H2S is less than to use H2O to fix carbon. It is thought that these purple bacteria are the descendants of the first photosynthetic organisms.
If the purple bacteria were the dominant photosynthetic organisms the green sulfur bacteria & heliobacteria might have grown up using the light that filtered through the plentiful purple sulfur bacteria. The wavelengths that 'green' chlorophyll absorbs fit neatly to either side of what the 'purple' pigments absorb. Thus the green bacteria had a pigment to use what light was available under the purple bacteria that acted as the canopy layer.
Then more efficient green bacteria evolved by using an extended PS system with new reactions added to existing ones. The second system, PS II, coupled with PS I was able to provide the energy to split H2O to fix CO2. PS II contains chlorophyll a, first developed amongst cyanobacteria 2.5 billion years ago, which absorbs a shorter, more energetic, wavelength of light (680nm). The new energetic system released O2 to begin a new atmosphere that eventually drove the first bacteria species into hiding in anaerobic niches. But it also left the cyanobacteria with pigments that absorbed around the green gap once dominated by the purple bacteria. The bacterial ancestral genome lineage bequeathed the PS I/PS II to modern plants, algae and some bacteria.
"Purple First Earth"
http://www.livescience.com/environment/070410_purple_earth.html
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18042280/
PS II evolution
http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/potm/2004_11/Page1.htm
Could we help plants be more efficient in harvesting light? This has always been the goal of breeding high yield plants but now we can be much more explicit in our selectivity. The theoretical maximum is 11%. Sugar cane holds the current maximum at 8%.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency
By combining the pigments from purple and green light harvesting systems we can create photovoltaic collectors. A Bioinspired Light-Harvesting System to Bridge the “Green Gap” "Filling the “green gap” of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex by covalent attachment of Rhodamine Red "
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T1S-4WSY4FG-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1209161751&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2a9ab4415f52f11c8c39b53e9b421f17
"Could we not help them by pushing them in the correct direction and chemically creating this chlorophyll-c?"
Chlorophyll c, d and e already exist in algae species
Chlorophyll c1, & Chlorophyll c2 are present in brown algae, diatoms, and protozoan flagellates.
chl d is from red algae & the Cyanobacteria like Acaryochloris marina with an unusual far-red, 740nm, absorption peak.
chl e has been found in yellow-green algae class in Tribonema bombycinum and Vaucheria hamata. It is closest to chl c
http://books.google.com/books?id=tlMSSirdbOkC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=chlorophyll++e+Vaucheria+hamata.&source=bl&ots=J0qfzkhEg2&sig=GwZPjIYYLoGpNaDG1yTx67dF5As&hl=en&ei=FOF6S9GrHoWYsgOrx9m8Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=chlorophyll%20%20e%20Vaucheria%20hamata.&f=false
A Glimpse At The Best Generation - Abdur Raheem Green #1